FAMILY Ascarididae Baird, 1853 [ref. Hartwigh 1957] [=Ascaridae Cobbold, 1862n] [=Ascarididae Blanchard, 1849] [=Askaridae Schneidemuehl, 1896a] SUBFAMILY Angusticaecinae Skrjabin & Karokhin, 1945 TRIBE Angusticaecini Chabaud, 1965 [as Angusticaecinea] GENUS Amplicaecum Baylis, 1920 [=Orneoascaris Skrjabin, 1916] [type is chrysanthemoides] SPECIES Amplicaecum africanum Taylor, 1924 [host Bufo regularis, Rana nutti, Probreviceps macrodactylus] SPECIES Amplicaecum causi Thwaite, 1926 [host Causus rhombeatus] SPECIES Amplicaecum chrysanthemoides (Skrjabin, 1916) [host Bufo; Redescription; Sprent 1985 p.45; Yorke and Maplestone 1926] [=Orneoascaris chrysanthemoides Skrjabin, 1916] [= colura Baylis, 1919] [syn. Sprent 1985 p.45] [= involutum Gedoelst, 1916] [syn. Sprent 1985 p.38; host Bufo regularis, B. cinixys erosa, Causus rhombeatus, Dispholidus typus] [=Amplicaecum pesteri Rasheed, 1965] [syn. Sprent 1985 p.45; host Bufo regularis in Reptilia] SPECIES Amplicaecum flavescens Katoch & Kalia, 1993:97 [host Varanus flavescens in Reptilia] SPECIES Amplicaecum garzetti Khanum, Farooq & Nikhat, 1980:67 [avian host] SPECIES Amplicaecum gedoelsti Yorke & Maplestone, 1926 SPECIES Amplicaecum indica Srivastava & Gupta, 1977:119 [piscean host] SPECIES Amplicaecum milvusi Gupta & Johri, 1984:47 [host Milvus migrans in Aves] SPECIES Amplicaecum mugili Gupta & Srivastava, 1985:97 [host Mugil waigiensis in Pisces] SPECIES Amplicaecum numidicum Chabaud & Campana-Rouget, 1955 [host Rana ridibunda, R. esculenta] SPECIES Amplicaecum orissai Gupta & Srivastava, 1985:99 [host Lutjanus marginatus in Pisces] SPECIES Amplicaecum papillatum Sandground, 1933 [W. Africa; host Astylosternus robustus] SPECIES Amplicaecum sandoshami Yuen, 1963 [Redescription; Sprent 1985 p.47] SPECIES Amplicaecum schoutedeni Baylis, 1940 [Redescription; Sprent 1985 p.46] SPECIES Amplicaecum singhi Gupta & Gupta, 1979:108 [piscean host] SPECIES Amplicaecum tetrodonti Gupta & Gupta, 1979:106 [piscean host] SPECIES Amplicaecum thapari Srivastava & Gupta, 1977:121 [piscean host] GENUS Angusticaecum Baylis, 1920 [colurum as type in CIH keys ?; see Orneoascaris chrysanthemoides in Amplicaecum] TYPE SPECIES Angusticaecum holopterum Rudolphi, 1819 [; Redescription; Sprent 1980 p.63] [=Angusticaecum brevispiculum Chapin, 1924] [syn. Sprent 1980 p.63] SPECIES Angusticaecum ranae Wang, 1978 SPECIES Angusticaecum singhi Gupta & Gupta, 1977 SPECIES Angusticaecum tetrodonti Gupta & Gupta, 1977 SPECIES Angusticaecum wuyensis Wang, 1981 [et al.?; described by Wang & Wang 1991 p.143] GENUS Raillietascaris Sprent, 1985:602 SPECIES Raillietascaris varani (Baylis & Daubney, 1922) [Redescription; Sprent 1985 p.602] [=Amplicaecum varani Baylis & Daubney, 1922] [=Amplicaecum iguanae Wahid, 1961] [syn. Sprent 1985 p.602] [=Amplicaecum mackerrasae Thomas, 1959] [syn. Sprent 1985 p.602] [=Amplicaecum monitor Khera, 1954] [syn. Sprent 1985 p.602] TRIBE Ophidascaridini Hartwich, 1954 [Chabaud 1965; as Ophidascaridinea] [=Hexametrinae Mozgovoi & Shakhmatova, 1971] [=Polydelphinae Mozgovoi & Shakhmatova, 1971] GENUS Hexametra Travassos, 1919 SPECIES Hexametra applanata (Linstow, 1899) [syn. Sprent 1978 p.363] [=Ascaris applanata Linstow, 1899] SPECIES Hexametra boddaertii Baird, 1860 SPECIES Hexametra bozkovi Moravec, 1966 SPECIES Hexametra chamelensis Caballero, 1980 SPECIES Hexametra dalmatina (Kreis, 1940) [syn. Sprent 1978 p.362] [=Polydelphis dalmatina Kreis, 1940] SPECIES Hexametra genoheteromegala (Kreis, 1938) [syn. Sprent 1978 p.362] [=Ophidascaris genoheteromegala Kreis, 1938] SPECIES Hexametra hexametra Gedoelst, 1916 SPECIES Hexametra leidyi Bowman, 1984:56 [host Crotalus horridus atricaudatus in Reptilia] SPECIES Hexametra microspicula (Kreis, 1938) [syn. Sprent 1978 p.362] [=Ophidascaris microspicula Kreis, 1938] SPECIES Hexametra najae (Mozgovoy, 1953) [syn. Sprent 1978 p.362] [=Polydelphis najae Mozgovoy, 1953] SPECIES Hexametra quadricornis Wedl, 1861 SPECIES Hexametra rotundicaudata Linstow, 1904 SPECIES Hexametra spicula (Kreis, 1938) [syn. Sprent 1978 p.362] [=Ophidascaris spicula Kreis, 1938] GENUS Ophidascaris Baylis, 1921 SPECIES Ophidascaris agkistrodontis Wang, 1979 SPECIES Ophidascaris ajgaris Khera, 1954 SPECIES Ophidascaris amucronata Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1937 [host Python sebae, Bitis arietans] SPECIES Ophidascaris arndti Sprehn, 1929 SPECIES Ophidascaris ashi Sprent, 1988:174 [host Natrix sipedon in Reptilia] SPECIES Ophidascaris baylisi Robinson, 1934 SPECIES Ophidascaris durissus Panizzutti, dos-Santos, Vicente, Muniz-Pereira & Pinto, 2003:9 [Parasite of Crotalus durissus in Reptilia] SPECIES Ophidascaris excavata Hsu & Hoeppli, 1931 [syn. Sprent 1988 p.188] SPECIES Ophidascaris filaria Dujardin, 1845 SPECIES Ophidascaris infundibulicola Linstow, 1903 SPECIES Ophidascaris intorta Gedoelst, 1916 [host Bitis sp., Naja nivea] SPECIES Ophidascaris labiatopapillosa Walton, 1927 SPECIES Ophidascaris longispiculum (Oshmarin & Demshin, 1972) [syn. Sprent 1988 p.198] [=Amplicaecum longispiculum Oshmarin & Demshin, 1972] SPECIES Ophidascaris macrospicula Mozgovoy & Románova, 1956 SPECIES Ophidascaris mombasica Baylis, 1921 [host Psammophis, Ablabophis, Crotaphopeltis] SPECIES Ophidascaris moreliae Sprent, 1969 SPECIES Ophidascaris najae Gedoelst, 1916 [=Ophidascaris daubaylisi Freitas, 1967] [syn. Sprent 1988 p.194] SPECIES Ophidascaris niuguiniensis Sprent, 1973 SPECIES Ophidascaris obconica Baird, 1860 SPECIES Ophidascaris ochoteranai Caballero, 1939 SPECIES Ophidascaris orientalis (Wang, 1965) [syn. Sprent 1988 p.186] [=Amplicaecum orientalis Wang, 1965] SPECIES Ophidascaris papillifera Linstow, 1898 [Redescription; Sprent 1988 p.170] SPECIES Ophidascaris papuanus Sprent, 1973 SPECIES Ophidascaris piscatori Soota & Chaturvedi, 1970 SPECIES Ophidascaris puriensis Srivastava & Gupta, 1978:148 [piscean host; 1976?] [=Ophidascaris cameroni Gupta & Gupta, 1979:104] [piscean host; syn. Sood 1989 p.54] SPECIES Ophidascaris pyrrhus Johnston & Mawson, 1942 SPECIES Ophidascaris radiosa Schneider, 1866 [host Bitis gabonica, Causus rhombeatus] SPECIES Ophidascaris robertsi Sprent & Mines, 1960 [syn. Sprent & McKeown 1979 p.175] SPECIES Ophidascaris schikhobalovi (Mozgovoy, 1950) [syn. Sprent 1988 p.188] [=Amplicaecum schikhobalovi Mozgovoy, 1950] SPECIES Ophidascaris sicki Freitas, 1951 [=Ophidascaris cretinorum Freitas, 1968] [syn. Sprent 1988 p.204] SPECIES Ophidascaris solenopoion Chabaud, 1960 SPECIES Ophidascaris solitaria Linstow, 1903 SPECIES Ophidascaris trichuriformis Vaz, 1935 [=Ophidascaris caballeroi Freitas, 1968] [syn. Sprent 1988 p.174] SPECIES Ophidascaris tuberculatum Siqueira, Panizzutti, Muniz-Pereira & Pinto, 2005:589 [Brazil; Parasite of Bothrops jararaca in Reptilia] GENUS Polydelphis Dujardin, 1845 [=Polydelphys Creplin, 1848:172] [misspelling] SPECIES Polydelphis anguinea Wu & Hu, 1938 SPECIES Polydelphis anoura Dujardin, 1845 SPECIES Polydelphis attenuata Molin, 1858 SPECIES Polydelphis brachycheilos v.Linstow., 1906 SPECIES Polydelphis hexametra Gedoelst, 1916 [host Chamaeleon dilepis] SPECIES Polydelphis najae Mosgovoy, 1951 [host Naja] SPECIES Polydelphis oculata Linstow, 1899 [host Python reticulatus] SPECIES Polydelphis quadricornis Wedl, 1861 [Baylis 1923; host Uraeus haje] SPECIES Polydelphis sewelli Baylis & Daubney, 1922 SUBFAMILY Ascaridinae Baird, 1853 GENUS Pandascaris Porter, 1948 [nomen nudum] GENUS Amphisakis Chakravarty & Majumdar, 1960:119 [incertaesedis; larval ascaridoid?] TYPE SPECIES Amphisakis bengalensis Chakravarty & Majumdar, 1960 GENUS Ascaris Linnaeus, 1758 [=Acyaris Royal, 1909] [misspelling] [=Ascaria Linstow, 1889] [misspelling] [=Ascarus] [misspelling] [=Ascoria Huber, 1896a] [misspelling] [=Asearis Brandes, 1898a] [misspelling] [=Askaris Humboldt, 1808a] [=Fusaria Zeder, 1800a] [type is lumbricoides; nomen nova pro Ascaris?] [=Lombricoides Mérat, 1821:225] [=Stomachida Pereboom, 1780] [type is vermis = lumbricoides] SPECIES Ascaris acanthocaudata Cobbold, 1858:160 [host Lota molva] SPECIES Ascaris acerinae Linstow, 1878 SPECIES Ascaris aculeati Linstow, 1884 SPECIES Ascaris acuta Muller, 1789:53 [host Rhombus barbatus] SPECIES Ascaris affinis Örley, 1885 SPECIES Ascaris albulae Rudolphi, 1809 SPECIES Ascaris alepocephali Linstow, 1899 SPECIES Ascaris anguillae Linstow, 1899 SPECIES Ascaris appendiculata Stossich, 1897 SPECIES Ascaris argentinae Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris aspidophori Beneden, 1871 SPECIES Ascaris atherinae Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris balisticola Linstow, 1905 SPECIES Ascaris barbatulae Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris belonesvulgaris Diesing, 1861 SPECIES Ascaris biuncinata Molin [host Zeus faber in Pisces] SPECIES Ascaris blennii Gmelin, 1790 SPECIES Ascaris boopis Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris brachyura Linstow, 1904 SPECIES Ascaris bramae Beneden, 1871 SPECIES Ascaris brevicauda Linstow, 1900 SPECIES Ascaris brevispiculum Sadovskaja, 1952 SPECIES Ascaris bulbosa Cobb, 1888 SPECIES Ascaris capsularia Rudolphi [host Alosa alosa in Pisces] SPECIES Ascaris carpionis Linstow, 1878 SPECIES Ascaris casta Stossich, 1902 SPECIES Ascaris castoris Rudolphi, 1819 [1809?] SPECIES Ascaris cebi MacCallum, 1921 SPECIES Ascaris centrisci Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris circumflexa Molin [host Felis pardus - Mammal] SPECIES Ascaris clupeae Beneden, 1871 SPECIES Ascaris clupearum Fabricius, 1794 SPECIES Ascaris collaris Rudolphi, 1802 SPECIES Ascaris columnaris Leidy, 1856 SPECIES Ascaris compar [host Lagopus lagopus in Aves] SPECIES Ascaris contricta Rudolphi, 1809 SPECIES Ascaris crassicauda Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris cuneiformis Zeder, 1800 SPECIES Ascaris cyclopteri Diesing, 1851 SPECIES Ascaris cynaedi Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris cyprinierythrophthalmi Rudolphi, 1810 SPECIES Ascaris depressa Rudolphi [host Accipiter nisus in Aves] SPECIES Ascaris devosi Sprent, 1952 SPECIES Ascaris digitata Linstow, 1905 SPECIES Ascaris ecaudata Dujardin, 1845 SPECIES Ascaris engraulidis Parona, 1894 SPECIES Ascaris ensicaudata Rudolphi [host Sturnus vulgaris in Aves] SPECIES Ascaris eperlani Linstow, 1878 SPECIES Ascaris equorum [host Equus caballus - Mammal] SPECIES Ascaris farionis Gmelin, 1790 SPECIES Ascaris ferox Ehrenberg, 1828 SPECIES Ascaris filariformis Stossich, 1902 SPECIES Ascaris filholi Chatin, 1885 SPECIES Ascaris flesi Linstow, 1878 SPECIES Ascaris gadiaeglefini Diesing, 1851 SPECIES Ascaris gadibrandti Linstow, 1899 SPECIES Ascaris gadimerlangi Diesing, 1851 SPECIES Ascaris gadiminuti Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris gasterostei Rudolphi, 1809 SPECIES Ascaris genypteri Stossich, 1902 SPECIES Ascaris gestri Parona, 1889 SPECIES Ascaris gracilescens Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris gracilis Massey, 1974 SPECIES Ascaris helopis Pallas, 1813 SPECIES Ascaris hippocampi Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris hippopotami Canavan, 1931 [host Hippopotamus amphibius] SPECIES Ascaris hirsuta Beneden, 1871 SPECIES Ascaris incrassata Molin, 1858 SPECIES Ascaris joffi Schulz, 1931 SPECIES Ascaris labiata Rudolphi, 1809 SPECIES Ascaris labrilusci Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris laevis Leidy, 1856 SPECIES Ascaris leucisciidi Diesing, 1851 SPECIES Ascaris linguatulae Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris linstowi Stossich, 1896 SPECIES Ascaris longestriata Stossich, 1902 SPECIES Ascaris lophiipiscatorii Diesing, 1861 SPECIES Ascaris lotae Linstow, 1885 TYPE SPECIES Ascaris lumbricoides Linnaeus, 1758 [; Diagnostic; Kulkarni & Rao 1990 p.168] SPECIES Ascaris lyrae Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris macrolabium Stossich, 1897 SPECIES Ascaris macruri Linstow, 1888 SPECIES Ascaris macruroidei Linstow, 1888 SPECIES Ascaris maena Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris marginata Rudolphi [host Canis familiaris - Mammal] SPECIES Ascaris megalocephala [host Equus caballus - Mammal] SPECIES Ascaris meleagrinae Linstow in Shipley & Hornell, 1904 SPECIES Ascaris microcephala Rudolphi [host Ardea purpurea in Aves] SPECIES Ascaris microcerca Stossich, 1902 SPECIES Ascaris minuta Molin, 1858 SPECIES Ascaris molvae Linstow, 1905 SPECIES Ascaris morae Fourment, 1886 SPECIES Ascaris mosgovoyi Evranova, 1959 SPECIES Ascaris mucronata Schrank [host Gadus lota in Pisces] SPECIES Ascaris mulli Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris neglecta Leidy, 1856 SPECIES Ascaris novaculae Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris obvelata Rudolphi, 1802 SPECIES Ascaris ophidiibarbati Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris ophidiiimberbis Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris orthagorisci Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris osmeri Linstow, 1878 SPECIES Ascaris ovis Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris pachyderma Stossich, 1902 SPECIES Ascaris papilligera Creplin, 1846 SPECIES Ascaris petromyzi Linstow, 1879 SPECIES Ascaris phacochoeri Gedoelst, 1916 [host Phacochoerus africanus, P. aethiopicus sundevalli] SPECIES Ascaris phoxini Linstow, 1887 SPECIES Ascaris phycis Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris prionodora Stossich, 1902 SPECIES Ascaris rajae Diesing, 1851 SPECIES Ascaris rostrata Stossich, 1897 SPECIES Ascaris rubicunda Schneider [host Python molurus in Reptilia] SPECIES Ascaris rugosa Molin [host Bubo bubo in Aves] SPECIES Ascaris salmonisomul Pallas, 1813 SPECIES Ascaris sauri Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris scaphirhynchi Pearse, 1924 SPECIES Ascaris schroederi McIntosh, 1939 SPECIES Ascaris sciaenae Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris scombrorum Stossich, 1892 SPECIES Ascaris scorpaenae Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris scorpaenaecirrhosae Diesing, 1851 SPECIES Ascaris semiteres Rudolphi [host Vanellus cristatus in Aves] SPECIES Ascaris siluri Gmelin, 1790 SPECIES Ascaris siluriglanidis Linstow, 1883 SPECIES Ascaris smaris Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris soleae Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris spalacis Schulz & Alojan, 1950 SPECIES Ascaris sparoidum Diesing, 1851 SPECIES Ascaris spicrae Diesing, 1851 SPECIES Ascaris spilaris Zeder [host Athene noctua in Aves] SPECIES Ascaris squali Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris squalii Linstow, 1908 SPECIES Ascaris stictodora Stossich, 1902 SPECIES Ascaris succisa Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris suilla Dujardin [host Sus scrofa - Mammal] SPECIES Ascaris suricattae Ortlepp, 1940 [host Suricata suricatta hamiltoni] SPECIES Ascaris suum Goeze, 1782 [Diagnostic; Kulkarni & Rao 1990 p.168] SPECIES Ascaris tarbagan Schulz, 1931 [Description; Tenora & Shalayeva 1990 p.130] SPECIES Ascaris tentaculatus Ehrenberg, 1828 SPECIES Ascaris tenuissima Zeder, 1800 SPECIES Ascaris thymalli Linstow, 1885 SPECIES Ascaris torpedinis Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris trigonura Diesing, 1851 SPECIES Ascaris triquetra Schrank [host Vulpes vulpes - Mammal] SPECIES Ascaris truncatula Rudolphi, 1809 SPECIES Ascaris truttae Gmelin, 1790 SPECIES Ascaris ungulata Beneden, 1871 SPECIES Ascaris uranoscopi Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Ascaris velocissima Diesing, 1851 SPECIES Ascaris vimbae Linstow, 1877 SPECIES Ascaris wedli Stossich, 1896 GENUS Ascarites Poinar & Boucot, 2006 SPECIES Ascarites priscus Poinar & Boucot, 2006:246 [fossil egg] GENUS Bairdascaris Sprent, 1982:287 SPECIES Bairdascaris dasypodina (Baylis, 1922) [=Ascaris dasypodina Baylis, 1922] GENUS Baylisascaris Sprent, 1968 SPECIES Baylisascaris columnaris Leidy, 1856 SPECIES Baylisascaris devosi Sprent, 1952 SPECIES Baylisascaris laevis Leidy, 1856 SPECIES Baylisascaris melis Gedoelst, 1920 [Description; Shakhmatova & Cheraneva 1979 p.121] SPECIES Baylisascaris procyonis Stefanski & Zarnowski, 1951 SPECIES Baylisascaris schroederi McIntosh, 1939 [Redescription; Kikuchi, Oshima, Saito & Okuyama 1979 p.329] SPECIES Baylisascaris tasmaniensis Sprent, 1970 SPECIES Baylisascaris transfuga Rudolphi, 1819 GENUS Freitasascaris Sprent, 1983:283 TYPE SPECIES Freitasascaris alata (Baylis, 1947) [=Amplicaecum alata Baylis, 1947] GENUS Krefftascaris Sprent, 1980:64 SPECIES Krefftascaris parmenteri Sprent, 1980:64 [reptilian host] GENUS Lagochilascaris Leiper, 1909 [Angusticaecinae?] [=Lagocheilascaris Castellani & Chalmers, 1913] [nomen nova?] SPECIES Lagochilascaris major Leiper, 1910 SPECIES Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909 SPECIES Lagochilascaris multipapillatum Wang & Wang, 1991:139 [host Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus in Reptilia, English p. 146] SPECIES Lagochilascaris sprenti Bowman, Smith & Little, 1983:755 [host Didelphis virginiana in Mammalia] SPECIES Lagochilascaris turgida Stossich, 1902 GENUS Mehdiascaris Kalyankar, 1969 [ref. Sood 1989 p.25; Asia Piscean hosts] SPECIES Mehdiascaris bombayensis Kalyankar, 1969 SPECIES Mehdiascaris suraiyae Kalyankar, 1969 GENUS Metascaris Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1950:339 [incertaesedis] TYPE SPECIES Metascaris zenaidarae Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1950 [Parguay; host Zenaidura auriculata virgata] GENUS Paraheterotyphlum Johnston & Mawson, 1948:102 [ref. Bruce 1990 p.42; Australia] [=Paraheterophyllum] [misspelling Neave?] SPECIES Paraheterotyphlum australe Johnston & Mawson, 1948 [Redescription; Sprent 1978 p.164] SPECIES Paraheterotyphlum ophiophagos Schmidt & Kuntz, 1973 [Diagnostic; Sprent 1978 p.165] GENUS Parascaris Yorke & Maplestone, 1926 SPECIES Parascaris equorum Goeze, 1782 [Diagnostic; Pilitt, Lichtenfels & Madden 1979 p.19; Diagnostic; Biocca, Nascetti, Iori, Costantini & Bullini 1979 p.139] [= zebrae Skrjabin, 1916] [syn. Barus, Tenora, Wiger & Stanek 1984 p.161] SPECIES Parascaris felis Arya, 1980:309 [host Panthera leo in Mammalia] SPECIES Parascaris univalens Biocca, Nascetti, Iori, Costantini & Bullini, 1979:136 [mammalian host] GENUS Pelicanascaris Ali & Farooqui in Singh & Tandan, 1970:141 [=Pelecanascaris] [misspelling Neave] GENUS Pseudostrongyloides Kreis, 1940 TYPE SPECIES Pseudostrongyloides ophidia Kreis, 1940 [ host Natrix hypomelas] GENUS Sprentascaris Petter & Cassone, 1984:618 [Type is S. mahnerti] SPECIES Sprentascaris hypostomi Petter & Cassone, 1984:627 [host Hypostomus in Pisces; Redescription; Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes 1990 p.132] SPECIES Sprentascaris mahnerti Petter & Cassone, 1984:618 [host Loricariichthys platymetopon in Pisces; Redescription; Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes 1990 p.135] SPECIES Sprentascaris pimelodi Petter & Cassone, 1984 [host Pimelodus cf.] GENUS Toxascaris Leiper, 1907 SPECIES Toxascaris ailuri Wu, He & Hu, 1987:1 [host Ailurus fulgens in Mammalia, English] SPECIES Toxascaris centropusi Naidu, 1983:168 [host Centropus sinensis in Aves] SPECIES Toxascaris leonina Linstow, 1902 [Rainl. & Henry 1911; Diagnostic; Tenora, Mituch & Hovorka 1989 p.373; Redescription; Gupta & Kazim 1980 p.134] SPECIES Toxascaris procyonis Stefanski & Zarnowski, 1951 SPECIES Toxascaris transfuga Rudolphi, 1819 [Diagnostic; Tenora, Mituch & Hovorka 1989 p.373] SPECIES Toxascaris vitidorum Goeze, 1782 GENUS Travassosascaris Sprent, 1978:359 SPECIES Travassosascaris araujoi Sprent, 1978:360 [reptilian host] SUBFAMILY Multicaecinae Hartwich, 1954 [Campana-Rouget 1960] TRIBE Dujardinascaridini Campana-Rouget, 1960 [as Dujardinascaridinea] GENUS Dujardinascaris Baylis, 1927 [=Dujardinia Gedoelst, 1916] [in part - praeocc. Quatrefages 1844; also Paradujardinia?] [=Trispiculascaris Skrjabin, 1916] [type is helicina] SPECIES Dujardinascaris angusae Sprent, McKeown & Cremin, 1998:214 [Host Crocodylus porosus in Reptilia] SPECIES Dujardinascaris antipini Mosgovoy, 1950 SPECIES Dujardinascaris assymmetrica Ortlepp, 1932 [Description; Sprent 1983 p.185] [=Porrocaecum assymmetricum Ortlepp, 1932] [syn. Sprent 1983 p.185] SPECIES Dujardinascaris blairi Sprent, McKeown & Cremin, 1998:211 [Lynd River, Host Crocodylus johnstoni in Reptilia] SPECIES Dujardinascaris cenotae (Pearse, 1936) [=Dujardinia cenotae Pearse, 1936] SPECIES Dujardinascaris chabaudi [Caiman crocodylus yacare in Reptilia] SPECIES Dujardinascaris cybii Arya & Johnson, 1978:81 [1977?; Redescription; Rajya Lakshmi, Hanumantha Rao & Shyamasundari 1990 p.41] SPECIES Dujardinascaris harrisae Sprent, McKeown & Cremin, 1998:214 [Host Crocodylus in Reptilia] SPECIES Dujardinascaris helicina Molin, 1860 [Redescription; Moravec 2001 p.54] SPECIES Dujardinascaris helicina Baylis, 1927 [praeocc.?] SPECIES Dujardinascaris karachiensis Bilqees, Shabbir & Haseeb, 2004:64 [Pakistan; Parasite of Pomadasys olivaceus in Pisces; marine] SPECIES Dujardinascaris longispicula Travassos, 1933 SPECIES Dujardinascaris magna Khan & Begum, 1971 SPECIES Dujardinascaris malapteruri Baylis, 1923 [Redescription; Sprent 1990 p.150; host Malapterus electricus] [=Dujardinascaris graberi Troncy, 1969] [syn. Sprent 1990 p.150] SPECIES Dujardinascaris mawsonae Sprent, 1977 SPECIES Dujardinascaris paulista [Caiman yacare in Reptilia] SPECIES Dujardinascaris petterae Sprent, McKeown & Cremin, 1998:219 [Ouenze, Host Osteolaemus tetraspis in Reptilia] SPECIES Dujardinascaris philippinensis Machida, Araki, Regoniel, Pontillas & Kurata, 1992:100 [host Crocodylus porosus in Reptilia] SPECIES Dujardinascaris qadrii Zubairi & Farooq, 1976 SPECIES Dujardinascaris ritai Zaidi & Khan, 1975 SPECIES Dujardinascaris sciaenae Bilqees & Rehana, 1977 SPECIES Dujardinascaris tasmani Ortlepp, 1932 [Baylis 1947; host Crocodilus] SPECIES Dujardinascaris taylorae Sprent, 1977 SPECIES Dujardinascaris trispiculascaris (Travassos, 1920) [host Crocodiles] [=Trispiculascaris trispiculascaris Travassos, 1920] SPECIES Dujardinascaris vandenbrandeni Baylis, 1947 [1929?; host Crocodilus cataphractus, C. niloticus] SPECIES Dujardinascaris waltoni Sprent, 1977 SPECIES Dujardinascaris westonae Sprent, McKeown & Cremin, 1998:215 [Host Crocodylus porosus in Reptilia] SPECIES Dujardinascaris woodlandi Baylis, 1923 GENUS Hartwichia Chabaud & Bain, 1966 SPECIES Hartwichia rousseloti Chabaud & Bain, 1966 [Description; Sprent 1983 p.180] GENUS Ortleppascaris Sprent, 1978:280 SPECIES Ortleppascaris alata (Baylis, 1947) [syn. Sprent 1978 p.267] [=Dujardinascaris alata Baylis, 1947] SPECIES Ortleppascaris antipini (Mozgovoy, 1950) [syn. Sprent 1978 p.268] [=Dujardinascaris antipini Mozgovoy, 1950] TYPE SPECIES Ortleppascaris nigra Gedoelst, 1916 TRIBE Multicaecini Campana-Rouget, 1960 [as Multicaecinea] GENUS Multicaecum Baylis, 1923 [=Brevimulticaecum Mozgovoi, 1952] [as subgenus; as genus Sprent 1979 p.105; in Skrjabin et al 1952] [=Gedoelstascaris Sprent, 1978:261] [type is vandenbranderi; syn. of Brevimulticaecum by Sprent 1990 p.159] [=Polycaecum Maplestone, 1930] SPECIES Multicaecum agile Wedl, 1861 [Description; Sprent 1979 p.93] SPECIES Multicaecum australiensis (Baylis, 1931) [syn. Sprent 1978 p.261] [=Dujardinascaris australiensis Baylis, 1931] SPECIES Multicaecum baylisi Travassos, 1933 [Description; Sprent 1979 p.105] [=Multicaecum acuticauda Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1937] [syn. Sprent 1979 p.105] SPECIES Multicaecum gangeticum (Maplestone, 1930) [=Polycaecum gangeticum Maplestone, 1930] SPECIES Multicaecum gibsoni (Sprent, 1979):113 [reptilian host] [=Brevimulticaecum gibsoni Sprent, 1979] SPECIES Multicaecum heterotis Petter, Vassiliades & Marchand, 1979 [as Brevimulticaecum by. Khalil 1984 p.801] SPECIES Multicaecum pintoi (Sprent, 1979):111 [reptilian host] [=Brevimulticaecum pintoi Sprent, 1979] SPECIES Multicaecum regoi (Sprent, 1990):153 [host Potamotrygon motoro in Pisces] [=Brevimulticaecum regoi Sprent, 1990] SPECIES Multicaecum scleropagi (Khalil, 1984):797 [host Scleropages jardini in Pisces] [=Brevimulticaecum scleropagi Khalil, 1984] SPECIES Multicaecum stekhoveni Baylis, 1947 [Description; Sprent 1979 p.108] SPECIES Multicaecum tenuicolle Rudolphi, 1819 [Description; Sprent 1979 p.109] SPECIES Multicaecum vandenbrandeni Baylis, 1929 TYPE SPECIES Multicaecum vandenbranderi Baylis, 1929 GENUS Typhlophoros Linstow, 1906:270 [Sprent 1999 spelled correctly] [=Typhlophorus] [misspelling] SPECIES Typhlophoros lamellaris Linstow, 1906 SPECIES Typhlophoros spratti Sprent, 1999:230 [Northern-Territory; Darwin, Noonamah Crocodile Farm, Host Crocodylus porosus in Reptilia] SUBFAMILY Toxocarinae Hartwich, 1954 [Osche 1958; Diagnostic; Dey Sarkar 1995 p.293] GENUS Mariporrocaecum Sheenko, 1985:19 [English p. 19] TYPE SPECIES Mariporrocaecum petrovi (Zhukov, 1960) [ 1950?] [=Porrocaecum petrovi Zhukov, 1960] GENUS Neoascarophis Machida, 1976:5 [Thelazioidea] SPECIES Neoascarophis bathygadi Machida, 1976 SPECIES Neoascarophis macrouri Moravec, Klimpel & Kara, 2006:232 [Arctic Ocean; Parasite of Macrourus berglax in Pisces] SPECIES Neoascarophis yarihige Machida, 1976 GENUS Paradujardinia Travassos, 1933 SPECIES Paradujardinia halicoris Owen, 1833 [Description; Nair, Lal Mohan & Satyanarayana Rao 1975 p.25; Redescription; Sprent 1980 p.319] GENUS Porrocaecum Railliet & Henry, 1912 [Diagnostic; Rajyalakshmi 1995 p.365] [=Belanisakis Maplestone, 1932] [=Laymanicaecum Mozgovoi, 1951] [in part ?] SPECIES Porrocaecum accipiteri Gupta & Kumar, 1977:60 [India; avian host] SPECIES Porrocaecum anabasi Lakshmi & Ramulu, 2005:132 [Andhra Pradesh; Parasite of Anabas testudineus in Pisces] SPECIES Porrocaecum angusticolle Molin, 1860 SPECIES Porrocaecum ardeae Frolich, 1812 SPECIES Porrocaecum assymetricum Ortlepp, 1932 [host Crocodile] SPECIES Porrocaecum azarasi Yamaguti & Arima, 1942 SPECIES Porrocaecum bengalensis Lakshmi, Rao & Shyamasundari, 1987 SPECIES Porrocaecum brevispiculum Webster, 1943 SPECIES Porrocaecum caballeroi Deloya, 1973 [placed Maricostula by Bruce & Cannon 1989 p.1419] SPECIES Porrocaecum cavium Walton, 1927 SPECIES Porrocaecum cephaloscyllii Yamaguti, 1941 SPECIES Porrocaecum circinum Johnston & Mawson, 1941 SPECIES Porrocaecum crassum Deslongchamps, 1824 SPECIES Porrocaecum dasyatum Rajyalakshmi & Vijaya-Lakshmi, 1995:23 [host Dasyatis uarnak in Pisces] SPECIES Porrocaecum decipiens [Rhombosolea tapirina in Pisces] SPECIES Porrocaecum depressum Zeder, 1800 [Description; Frantova 2002 p.86] SPECIES Porrocaecum draschei Stossich, 1896 SPECIES Porrocaecum ensicaudatum Zeder, 1800 [Description; Barus, Sitko & Tenora 1978 p.173] SPECIES Porrocaecum eperlani Linstow, 1879 SPECIES Porrocaecum flammei Karokhin, 1946 SPECIES Porrocaecum galeocerdonis Thwaite, 1927 SPECIES Porrocaecum godavarensis Rajyalakshmi, 1995:362 [host Mystus seenghala in Pisces] SPECIES Porrocaecum gypsei (Naidu, 1981):327 [host Gyps indicus in Aves] [=Belanisakis gypsei Naidu, 1981] SPECIES Porrocaecum heteropterum Diesing, 1851 [Redescription; Digiani & Sutton 2001 p.2] SPECIES Porrocaecum huanglongensis Jian in Jian-Shica, 1989:4 [China; host Meles meles in Mammalia, English p. 6] SPECIES Porrocaecum inconstantia Jairajpuri & Siddiqi, 1970 SPECIES Porrocaecum indica (Gupta & Jaiswal, 1987):65 [host Ardeola ibis in Aves] [=Belanisakis indica Gupta & Jaiswal, 1987] SPECIES Porrocaecum jairajpurii (Gupta & Jaiswal, 1989):120 [host Ardea cinerea in Aves] [=Belanisakis jairajpurii Gupta & Jaiswal, 1989] SPECIES Porrocaecum jardimfreirei Fortes, 1981 SPECIES Porrocaecum longispiculum Lakshmi, Rao & Shyamasundari, 1987 SPECIES Porrocaecum muraenesoxi Rajyalakshmi, 1992:25 [host Muraenesox talabonoides in Pisces] SPECIES Porrocaecum nigeri Rajyalakshmi, 1995:172 [host Parastromateus niger in Pisces] SPECIES Porrocaecum paivai Silva Motta & Gomes, 1968 SPECIES Porrocaecum pastinacae Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Porrocaecum pentkotai Srivastava & Gupta, 1978:150 [piscean host] SPECIES Porrocaecum phalacrocoracis Yamaguti, 1941 SPECIES Porrocaecum praelongum Dujardin, 1945 SPECIES Porrocaecum reticulatum Linstow, 1899 [Description; Soota & Dey Sarkar 1981 p.123] SPECIES Porrocaecum ruberum Bilqees, Khanum & Jehan, 1971 SPECIES Porrocaecum semiteres Zeder, 1800 [Description; Frantova 2002 p.89] SPECIES Porrocaecum spathulespiculum Ortlepp, 1938 [host Afrocichla cabanisi] SPECIES Porrocaecum sphyrnai Rajya Lakshmi, Hanumantha Rao & Shyamasundari, 1989 SPECIES Porrocaecum spinigerum Rajya-Lakshmi, Hanumantha-Rao & Shyamasundari, 1986:112 [host Uroconger lepturus in Pisces] SPECIES Porrocaecum spirale Rudolphi, 1795 SPECIES Porrocaecum streperae [(Magpie) in Aves] SPECIES Porrocaecum sulcatum Rudolphi, 1819 [host Chelone mydas, Thalassochelys caretta] SPECIES Porrocaecum talpae Schrank, 1788 SPECIES Porrocaecum tigrinii Rajyalakshmi, 1992:312 [host Galeocerda tigrinus in Pisces] SPECIES Porrocaecum trichiuri Chandler, 1935 SPECIES Porrocaecum trichuriforme Mawson, 1956 SPECIES Porrocaecum wallagus Rajyalakshmi & Shyamasundari, 1993:101 [host Wallago attu in Pisces] SPECIES Porrocaecum wui Hsu, 1933 GENUS Seuratascaris Sprent, 1985:232 TYPE SPECIES Seuratascaris numidica Seurat, 1917 [ Redescription; Sprent 1985 p.232; numidicum?] [=Amplicaecum cacopi Chatteri, 1936] [syn. Sprent 1985 p.233] [=Amplicaecum communis Yuen, 1963] [syn. Sprent 1985 p.233] [=Porrocaecum numidicum Seurat, 1917] [=Amplicaecum ranae Gupta, 1959] [syn. Sprent 1985 p.233] GENUS Toxocara Stiles in Stiles & Hassall, 1905b [manuscript] [=Belascaris Leiper, 1907] [type is mystax] [=Neoascaris Travassos, 1927] [type is vitulorum] [=Toxacara Ranther in Kuekenthal & Krumbach, 1930:256] [misspelling] SPECIES Toxocara alienata Rudolphi, 1819 [Diagnostic; Naidu 1981 p.332] SPECIES Toxocara anakumae Noda, 1966 SPECIES Toxocara apodemi Olsen, 1957 [Diagnostic; Naidu 1981 p.332] SPECIES Toxocara canarisi Puylaert, 1967 SPECIES Toxocara canis (Werner, 1782) [Johnston 1916] [=Lumbricus canis Werner, 1782] SPECIES Toxocara cati Schrank, 1788 SPECIES Toxocara cynonycteridis Parona, 1889 SPECIES Toxocara elephantis Rudolphi, 1819 SPECIES Toxocara genettae Warren, 1972 SPECIES Toxocara hippopotami Canavan, 1931 SPECIES Toxocara indica Naidu, 1981:330 [host Bandicota indica in Mammalia] SPECIES Toxocara lyncis Macchioni, 1999:529 [Mogadiscio, Parasite of Lynx caracal in Mammalia] SPECIES Toxocara mackerrasae Sprent, 1957 SPECIES Toxocara malaysiensis Gibbons, Jacobs & Sani, 2001:660 [Kuala Lumpur, Parasite of Felis catus in Mammalia] SPECIES Toxocara manzadiensis Vuylsteke, 1956 SPECIES Toxocara marginata [host Canis familiaris - Mammal] [=Belascaris marginata] SPECIES Toxocara mystax Zeder, 1800 SPECIES Toxocara paradoxura Kou, 1958 SPECIES Toxocara pearsei Chitwood, 1935 SPECIES Toxocara pteropodis Baylis, 1936 SPECIES Toxocara sprenti Warren, 1972 SPECIES Toxocara suricattae Ortlepp, 1940 SPECIES Toxocara tanuki Yamaguti, 1941 [Diagnostic; Kagei, Shiomi, Sugaya & Akiyama 1983 p.367] SPECIES Toxocara vajrasthirae Sprent, 1972 SPECIES Toxocara vincenti Puylaert, 1967 SPECIES Toxocara vitulorum Goeze, 1782 SPECIES Toxocara warreni Durette-Desset & Chabaud, 1974